Pablo Neruda (Parral, July 12, 1904 - Santiago, September 23, 1973) was a Chilean poet. It is considered one of the most important figures of contemporary Latin American literature.

His real name was Neftali Reyes Basoalto (Full, Ricardo Eliezer - or Eliecer - Neftali Reyes Basoalto). He used the name of art by Pablo Neruda (Czech writer and poet Jan Neruda) which later was recognized even at the legal level. He was awarded the 1971 Nobel Prize for literature.

He also served for their country assignments leading diplomats and politicians.

Biography

The early years

Arose from a railway employee and a teacher who left him an orphan just a month after childbirth. He moved with his father in Temuco, where the remarriage of a parent, was born nine years after his half-brother Rodolfo. The young Neruda, Naphtali nicknamed by her mother's middle name, demonstrated an interest in writing and literature but opposed by his father encouraged by the future Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral, who was his teacher during the period of schooling. His first official job as a writer was the article "Enthusiasm y Perseverance", released just 13 years in the local newspaper "La Mañana". In 1920 he began to use its publications to the pseudonym Pablo Neruda, which is still almost exclusively known.

The following year, 1921, he moved to Santiago to study French and the original intention to become a teacher later, an idea quickly abandoned for poetry.

In 1923 he published his first volume of verse, Crepusculario, which was appreciated by writers such as Halo, Raúl Silva Castro and Pedro Prado, followed, after a year, from a Veinte Poemas de Amor y canción desesperada, a collection of poems 'love of modernist style and erotic reason that led some to reject it. With this collection has been recognized and it is still one of his most appreciated.

The diplomatic office

Neruda was in a state of poverty in 1927 forced him to accept a position as honorary consul in Southeast Asia, Burma, followed by countless other tasks. On the island of Java was married to a bank employee of Dutch nationality, Maryke Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang.

During his diplomatic service, Neruda was able to compose a great number of poems, experimenting with different poetic forms, including those surrealistic that can be found in the first two volumes of Residencia en la tierra, which date from this period.

Before returning to Chile, he obtained diplomatic other destinations, first in Buenos Aires, then in Spain, in Barcelona, where he later replaced Gabriela Mistral in the office of consul in Madrid. During this period he met other writers such as Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca and the Peruvian poet Cesar Vallejo. During his stay in Madrid was born the daughter Malva Marina Trinidad, suffering from idroencefalite which died in infancy. It will be frustrating state of prostration and incurable of what was then the only daughter of the poet never had the real cause of disagreements increasingly irrepressible that led to a family crisis with Hagen, who came to a head following the attendance of Neruda with Delia del Carril, Argentina, twenty years his senior. Passionate advocate of communism, she was to address the initial trend towards anarcho-individualist Neruda's Marxist ideals.
Communism

The embrace of communist ideas and found more fertile ground for social solidarity Neruda also felt revulsion against the abuses perpetrated by the fascists of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War years. His "left turn" was even stronger after the barbaric killing by the forces of General Franco, Federico Garcia Lorca, which had become a friend of Neruda's support to face Republican who opposed the then nascent Franco dictatorship, was total, both in speeches in his writings, as, for example, collection of poems España en el corazón.In following your election as President Pedro Aguirre Cerda of Chile in 1938, which was Neruda supporter The poet received the task of evacuating the 2,000 French exiles from the fields of Spanish for which arranged a transfer to Chile by sea using the ship Winnipeg. On this occasion he was accused of having favored the displaced people of faith to the detriment of the other communist, although it appeared that the persons on board had been made mainly by the President of the Spanish Republic in exile, Juan Negrín. The inconsistency of these representations is further demonstrated by the great affection with which even today is widely remembered in Spain.

Between 1940 to 1943 he was awarded the post of consul general in Mexico City in recent years and was divorced from his first wife, married Delia del Carril, and learned of the death of his daughter, just 8 years, in the territories occupied the Netherlands.

After the attempted murder of Leon Trotsky in 1940 to try to save the Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros from the consequences of the charge of being one of the conspirators, helped him obtain a visa for Chile and gave him hospitality. Siqueiros painted a mural in the school in Chillán.

In 1943, during the return trip home, stopped in Peru, visited Machu Picchu, and was very impressed by the city of the Incas, who inspired him in 1945, writing Alturas de Macchu Picchu, a poem in twelve parts on Spanish colonization. The same argument also inspired Canto General, published in 1950, which contains very strong accent polemic against so-called U.S. imperialism (including, among others, denounced the abuses of multinational companies like Coca-Cola).

In later years, expressed his admiration for the Soviet Union - also played a critical role in the final defeat of Nazi Germany - and Stalin, who in 1953 dedicated a composition, on the occasion of death. The subsequent revelations about the cult of personality cultivated by the Soviet leader and the Stalinist purges (from the famous speech of Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's successor, at the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in Moscow in February 1956) Neruda pushed to change their minds and to deny admiration expressed above: in his memoirs, expressed his regret for having helped to create an image of Stalin is not real. This error assessment led him to look with different eye also on Chinese Communism, which met in 1957, fearing a repetition of the same errors even of Mao Tse-Tung. Despite the disappointments, Neruda was always true to his Communist convictions and was criticized by many critics who accused him of never having taken a stand in favor of dissident intellectuals Boris Pasternak and Joseph Brodsky.
Politics in Chile

On March 4, 1945 he obtained his first official appointment as a senator in the Communist Party of the northeastern provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta of Chile, located nell'inospitale Atacama desert, and a few months after he took the piece of the Chilean Communist Party.

The following year, official candidate of the Radical Party of Chile for the presidential election, Gabriel González Videla, asked him to take over management of his campaign. In this task the poet devoted himself with zeal, contributing to his appointment as president, but remained disappointed by the unexpected turnabout Videla against its Communist Party after the elections. The tipping point in the relationship between Neruda and Videla was the violent repression with which it struck the striking miners in the region of Bío-Bío, in Lota in October 1947. The demonstrators were detained in military prisons and concentration camps near the city of Pisagua. Disapproval of Neruda culminated in a dramatic speech on January 6, 1948 before the Chilean Senate, later called "Yo ACUS, he read a list of the miners' meeting being held.
The last years
In 1970, Neruda was listed as one of the candidates for President of the Republic of Chile, but withdrew from the elections again supporting Allende and helping him become the first democratically elected socialist president in Chile about two and a half years, then resumed his career diplomatic headquarters in Paris, which he had to leave for health reasons.

On October 21, 1971, got the third Latin American writer in 1945 after Gabriela Mistral and Miguel Ángel Asturias in 1967, the Nobel Prize for literature. On his first return home the following year, was triumphantly received in an event at the stadium in Santiago.

These years are his latest publications life, and Las Piedras espada Encendida of Heaven, published during his stay in Paris. Before his death witnessed the disintegration of the first democratic government and the Chilean coup of General Augusto Pinochet on 11 September and the death of President Allende's personal friend. Settled the dictatorship, the military began to harass the searches ordered by the insurgent general, during one of these, Neruda would have said the military "Look around, there is a single form of danger for you here: poetry." While waiting to be able to flee to Mexico, the poet died September 23, 1973, officially for prostate cancer or, more likely, according to recent testimony to his driver and bodyguard killed in the Clinica Santa Maria in Santiago (in the same which was later assassinated the Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva, January 22, 1982) with a mysterious injection.

His funeral was one of the earliest moments of opposition to the dictatorship, as happened in spite of the hostile and intimidating presence of military machine guns leveled at sight watching the participants, as evidenced by a clandestine video shot at the time. It was also a gesture of solidarity and rebellion against the last affront against Neruda made while lying in hospital bed: the devastation, always orders of Pinochet, of his property.

The last wife posthumously published autobiography where Neruda had worked until the day before he died, arousing the resentment of Pinochet for the harsh criticism against the brutality of the dictatorship. Matilde Urrutia was also published in 1986, the period spent with Neruda's autobiography, titled My Life junto a Pablo Neruda, Chile, Neruda's works were rehabilitated and returned to the market in 1990 after the fall of the dictatorship.

The three houses owned by Neruda in Chile, The Chascona Santiago, La Sebastiana in Valparaíso, and Casa de Isla Negra are now museums, managed by the Neruda Foundation.
The return


In 1952, the government of dictator Videla was now finished, also hit by several corruption scandals, and the Socialist Party presented a candidate for new president Salvador Allende, requiring the presence at home of its most famous writer to endorse best investiture. Neruda returned to Chile in August, temporarily regaining his wife Delia del Carril, but the marriage was now intended to wreck thanks to the new relationship begun in Mexico. Consequently, in 1955, Delia left him to return to Europe.

However, the abandonment of Delia Neruda did not bring the commitment to communism. Neruda continued his political commitment, took such a stance against the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War. This attracted the widespread ridicule of the most conservative U.S., el 'Association for Cultural Freedom, an organization behind it actually hid the CIA, tried to undermine in any way its credibility and reputation, citing the example positions on the attempted assassination of Trotsky in 1940. This campaign was held back until 1964, when he floated the idea of Neruda awarded the Nobel Prize nomination and the only alternative was to Jean-Paul Sartre's character even more unpopular with American conservatives.

In 1966 Neruda was invited to New York for an international conference of the association of writers, but Arthur Miller, organizer of the event, he met many difficulties and had to make considerable pressure on the Johnson is to be able to get him a visa for both the presence of so many other writers from beyond the Iron Curtain. For these reasons, the Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes pointed after the conference as one of the first steps towards the end of the Cold War. In work done, Neruda performed for the Library of Congress audio recordings of some of his compositions.

During the return trip home, Neruda made a stop in Peru, where he was welcomed with honors by President Fernando Belaunde Terry, but the visit was an ill view of Cuba: in those years the relations between Peru and Cuba were rather aimed at Because of political differences, Neruda was accused by Cuban intellectuals of being a revisionist in the pay of the Yankees and could not go on the Caribbean island until 1968. What Neruda was very much disappointed in his autobiography that I confess that I lived criticized the attitude of Cuban intellectuals, calling it "bigoted" and a "blow back." In 1967, the death of Ernesto Che Guevara in Bolivia, Neruda wrote several articles on the loss of "great hero of the revolution", whose estimate was the rest returned as evidenced by the composition, by Guevara, a laudatory essay on small book of Neruda's Canto General.



OnorificenzeOltre the Nobel, Neruda was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1953, Soviet medal, and an honorary doctorate from Oxford University in 1965.



Bibliography


1923 Crepusculario
1924 Veinte Poemas de Amor y canción a desesperada
1933 Residencia en la tierra
1937 España en el corazón (printed in '35, in full civil war, the soldiers Republicans themselves with paper produced editions Ejercito del Este)
1950 Canto General
1953 Los versos del Capitán
1954 u cas y el Viento
1960 Las piedras de Chile
1964 Memorial de Isla Negradio Pantocrator
1970 Las piedras sky
1973 Confieso these vivid h (Autobiography) Among the Italian editions and translations that are worthy of particular note are:
Poetry, an anthology published by Einaudi in 1952, with translations and illustrations by Salvatore Quasimodo Guttuso.
Los versos del Capitán, in their dual output: in 1952, for a subscription with the support of friends from the same Neruda at typographic art, and in 2002, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the book, always with art of printing.
The first translation done by Dario Puccini.
Pablo Neruda. And poems written in Italy, edited by Ignazio Delogu, Side Side Rome 1981.



Published in life


Twilight, Santiago, Ediciones Claridade, 1923, final edition, Santiago, Nascimento 1924
Veinte Poemas de Amor y cancion a desesperada, Santiago, Nascimento 1924; final version Santiago, Nascimento, 1932.
Tentative del hombre infinite Santiago Nascimento, 1933.
Habitante El y su esperanza, Santiago, Nascimento, 1926, prose.
Anillos, Santiago, Nascimento, 1926, prose, together with his friend, writer Tomás Lago
El hondero enthusiastic, Santiago, Empresa Letras, 1933.
Residencia en la tierra (1925-1931), Santiago, born 1933.
Residencia en la tierra (1925-1935), Spain, Madrid, Cruz y Raya, 1935, 2 volumes.
España en el corazón, Santiago, Ercilla, 1937
Las furias y las Penas, Santiago, Nascimento, 1939
Tercera residencia (1935-1945), Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1947; for Section IV, España en el corazón, see above
Alturas de Macchu Picchu. Santiago, Ediciones de Neira Library, 1947.
Canto General, Mexico, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, 1950.
Los versos del capitán, Italy, Naples, Art Publishing, 1952.
Todo el amor, Santiago, Nascimento, 1953
Las uvas y el viento, Santiago, Nascimento, 1954.
ODAS elementales, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1954.
Viajes, Santiago, Nascimento, 1955
Nuevas ODAS elementales, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1956.
Tercer book de las ODAS, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1957.
Estravagario, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1958.
Navegaciones regresos y Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1959.
Cien sonetos de amor, Santiago, Ed Universitaria, 1959.
Canción de geste, Cuba, La Habana, Imprenta Nacional de Cuba, 1960.
Las piedras de Chile, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1961.
Cantos cerimoniales, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1961.
Plenos poderes, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1962.
Sumari. Paper whence nace la lluvia, Italy, Alpignano, Heel, 1963.
Memorial de Isla Negra, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1964, 5 volumes, the first opera composed before.
Arte de pájaros, Santiago, Ediciones Sociedad de Amigos of Contemporary Art, 1966, illustrated.
A casa en la Arena, Spain, Barcelona, Lumen, 1966
Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta, Santiago, Zig-Zag, 1967, play
The Barcarolle, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1967.
The manos del dia, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1968.
Comiendo en Hungría, Spain, Barcelona, Lumen, 1968
La copa de sangre, Italy, Alpignano, Heel, 1969
Aun, Santiago, Nascimento, 1969.
Fin de mundo, Santiago, Edición de la Sociedad de Arte Contemporáneo, 1969.
Tsunami, Santiago, Sociedad de Arte Contemporáneo, 1970
The espada Encendida, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1970.
Las piedras sky, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1970.
Geography infructuosa, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1972.
The pink separada, France, Paris, Editions du Dragon, 1972.
Incitación to nixonicidio y Alabanza de la revolución Chilena, Santiago, Empresa Editora Nacional Quimantú, 1973.


Posthumous


Libro de las preguntas, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974.
Jardín de invierno, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974.
2000, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974
El corazón amarillo, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974
Elegy, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974
El mar y las campanas, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974



Defectos escogidos, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1974
Confieso que he vividly. Memorias, Spain, Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1974
Para Nacer he nacido, Spain, Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1977.
El río invisible. Poetry prose de juventud y, Spain, Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1980.